国家经委


中外合资、合作经营企业机电产品以产顶进管理办法(附英文)

1987年10月7日，国家经委

第一条 根据国务院批准由国家计委发布的《关于中外合资、合作经营企业产品以产顶进办法》的有关规定，特制订本办法。
第二条 凡具备下列各项条件的企业，可以申请将其产品列入《机电产品以产顶进目录》（以下简称目录）：
1、能够提供国内需要的先进技术，从事新产品开发，实现产品升级换代的中外合资、合作经营企业（以下简称企业），因外汇平衡出现暂时困难，需要给予扶持的；
2、企业生产的机电产品与国外同类产品的性能和质量相同，能满足国内用户的需要，售价不高于国外同类产品进口价（完税后价格）的；
3、企业生产的机电产品属于国内用户需要进口的；
4、企业按批准的合同履行外销责任。
第三条 凡要求产品以产顶进的中外合资、合作经营项目，应在报批可行性研究报告时对以产顶进的可行性进行充分的论证和评估。
第四条 企业投产后，其产品符合上述第二条的规定要求列入国家以产顶进目录的，由企业向产品归口部门提出申请，抄报国家经委、经贸部和当地经委。申请时，须附送机电产品以产顶进申请表、产品质量证明文件、市场需求预测的调查报告，由产品归口部门审核签署意见，报国家经委会同国家外汇管理局审批，审批时间一般不超过两个月，并由国家经委公布实施。
第五条 需要目录内产品的用户可直接向企业订货，或由中国机电设备招标中心（或经国家经委批准的招标公司）按国家有关规定在国内组织招标，指导用户在国内选购，以代替进口。
第六条 企业销售国家以产顶进目录内的机电产品，经外汇管理部门批准，允许收取部分外汇，并要依据合同或可行性研究报告规定的国产化进度逐年递减。
第七条 企业生产国家以产顶进目录内的机电产品需要进口的散件、零部件、元器件、配套件和原材料，可由海关作为保税货物监管。国内用户直接从国外进口这类机电产品时享受减免进口税待遇的，企业生产的同类机电产品如售给这些用户时，所进口的料、件也可享受同样的减免税待遇。
第八条 本办法由国家经委负责解释。
第九条 本办法自公布之日起施行。
国家经委同时还公布了第一批机电产品以产顶进目录：一是ＳＰＥＣＴＲＵＭ－－集中分散型控制系统（含现场输入、输出装置，每站1024ＢＩＴ数据采集装置，顺序控制、编程控制装置，ＣＲＴ操作站，工业控制机），生产企业是上海福克斯波罗有限公司；二是ＭＩＣＯＮＩＣ－－Ｂ 交调电梯（额定速度1．6Ｍ／Ｓ，载重1000ＫＧ），生产企业是中国迅达电梯公司上海电梯厂。

MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE SUBSTITUTION OF MACHINERY ANDELECTRICAL APPLIANCES MANUFACTURED BY CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VEN-TURES AND CHINESE-FOREIGN CONTRACTUAL JOINT VENTURES FOR SIMILAR IMPORTEDPRODUCTS

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE SUBSTITUTION OF MACHINERY AND
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES MANUFACTURED BY CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VEN-
TURES AND CHINESE-FOREIGN CONTRACTUAL JOINT VENTURES FOR SIMILAR IMPORTED
PRODUCTS
(Approved by the State Council and promulgated by the State Econo-
mic Commission on October 7, 1987)
Article 1
These Measures are formulated in accordance with the pertinent provisions
in Procedures for the Substitution of Products Manufactured by Chinese-
foreign Equity Joint Ventures and Chinese-foreign Contractual Joint
Ventures for Similar Imported Products, approved by the State Council and
promulgated by the State Planning Commission.
Article 2
Enterprises which satisfy the following conditions may make an application
for the inclusion of their products in the Catalogue of the Substitution
of Home-made Machinery and Electrical Appliances for Similar Imported
Products (hereinafter referred to as the "Catalogue"):
(1) Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures and Chinese-foreign contractual
joint ventures (hereinafter referred to as "the enterprises"), which are
capable of providing advanced technology that satisfies domestic needs,
and are engaged in the development of new products, thereby realizing the
upgrading of products and the replacement of old products with new ones,
but which are at present confronted with the temporary difficulties of an
imbalance in foreign exchange and are badly in need of support;
(2) the machinery and electrical appliances manufactured by the
enterprises are the same in performance and quality as similar products
produced in foreign countries, they can satisfy the needs of domestic
users, and their prices (the prices after taxation) are no higher than the
prices of similar imported products produced abroad;
(3) the machinery and electrical appliances manufactured by the
enterprises are in the categories that the domestic users want to import;
(4) the enterprises execute their obligations to export products in
accordance with the approved contracts.
Article 3
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures and Chinese-foreign contractual
joint ventures, which apply for the substitution of their products for
similar imported foreign goods, shall prove by an ample demonstration and
appraise the feasibility of substituting their products for similar
imported ones at the time when they submit their feasibility studies
report for examination and approval.
Article 4
After the enterprises have gone into production, if their products are in
conformity with the stipulations of Article 2 mentioned above and they
request to have their products included in the State catalogue of the
substitution of home-made products for similar imported ones, the
enterprises shall make an application to the department concerned, and
submit duplicates of the application separately to the State Economic
Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, and the
local economic commission. The application shall be accompanied with an
application form for the substitution of home-made machinery and
electrical appliances for similar imported products, a certification
document testifying to the quality of the products, and report on market
demand projection for the said products; and the application shall be
examined and verified by the department concerned which shall, after
affixing its comments and seal to the application, transmit the
application to the State Economic Commission and the State Administration
of Foreign Exchange Control for examination and approval. Generally, the
period of time for the examination and approval shall not exceed two
months, and the approved items shall be promulgated by the State Economic
Commission for execution.
Article 5
The users who need the products listed in the Catalogue may place an order
directly with the enterprises, or the China Bidding Center for Machinery
and Electrical Equipment (or other bidding agencies authorized by the
State Economic Commission) shall, in accordance with the pertinent
provisions promulgated by the State, organize bidding, thus providing
advice to users for purchasing home-made products to substitute for
similar imported ones.
Article 6
Enterprises which sell machinery and electrical appliances listed in the
State catalogue of the substitution of home-made products for similar
imported goods may, with the approval of the administration of foreign
exchange control, collect part of the payment for goods in foreign
exchange, and the amount shall decrease progressively in accordance with
the rate of progress for the replacement of imported products with home-
made ones, specified in the contract or feasibility studies report.
Article 7
The bulk parts, spare parts, components, fittings and raw materials, which
the enterprises need for the production of machinery and electrical
appliances listed in the State catalogue of the substitution of home-made
products for similar imported goods, may be considered as bonded goods and
be placed under the surveillance of the Customs. Where the users enjoy
the preferential treatment of reduction of or exemption from duties when
they import the aforesaid machinery and electrical appliances directly
from abroad, the enterprises shall enjoy the same preferential treatment
of reduction of or exemption from duties when they import the said raw
materials, spare parts and components to produce similar machinery and
electrical appliances and sell them to the said users.
Article 8
The right to interpret these Measures shall reside in the State Economic
Commission.
Article 9
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
Appendix
The catalogues of the first lot of machinery and electrical appliances
used in substituting for similar imported products and promulgated
simultaneously by the State Economic Commission: the first is SPECTRUM -
the control system of the centralized/decentralized type (including field
input/output installations, each station 1024 BIT data collecting set,
sequence control, programming control set, CRT operating station,
industrial controller), the enterprise that produces these products is the
Shanghai Fawkes-Polo Co. Ltd.; the second is MICONIC - B elevator (rated
speed 1.6 M/S, carrying capacity 1,000 KG), the enterprise that produces
this product is the Shanghai Elevators Factory of the China Schindler
Elevators Company.


经营农作物种子引起的民事侵权责任的判定及处理

杨泽瑛


经营农作物种子引起的民事侵权责任是指农作物种子经营者单方实施了违反种子管理法律法规的的禁止性规定，对用种者的人身和财产权利造成损害后应承担的法律后果。由此引起的民事侵权责任应根据《立法法》确立的同位法特别法优先的原则和农业部办公厅给广东盛邦律师事务所关于种子质量问题的复函中“在农业生产实践中，一般不使用“种子缺陷”的概念”的规定，既不适用《消费者权益保护法》和《产品质量法》，也不适用《民法通则》关于无过错责任原则的有关规定和举证倒置的举证规则，只能适用《种子法》而承担《民法通则》规定的过错责任，
一、农作物种子经营者承担民事侵权责任的法律要件
（一）因经营农作物种子违反了法律法规的的禁止性规定对用种者造成损害事实的认定。
损害事实是构成侵权民事责任的首要条件。如果没有损害的后果发生，就不构成侵权的民事责任。因经营农作物种子违反了种子管理法律法规的的禁止性规定造成用种者的损失一般从两方面进行认定，一是造成人身伤害的应依照有关人身损害赔偿的法律法规规定的鉴定程序认定，二是造成生产损失的，既得利益损失包括购种价款和有关费用（如有关交通费、补种除杂用工等）凭证确认，可得利益损失按其所在乡（镇）前三年同种作物的平均产值（以损害发生地县级统计部门出具的证明为依据）扣除其当年实际收入（以损害发生地县级种子管理机构出具的田间现场鉴定结论为依据）计算进行认定。
（二）农作物种子的经营者实施了违反了法律法规的的禁止性规定的违法行为。
1、经营假种子的。
根据《中华人民共和国种子法》第四十五条规定：一是以非种子冒充种子或此种品种种子冒充他种品种种子的，生产实践中主要表现为以常规种冒充杂交种、以低产质劣的品种冒充高产质优的品种，以未经审定品种冒充审定品种等；二是种子种类、品种、产地与标签标注的内容不符的，均属假种子的范畴。
2、经营劣质种子的。
根据《中华人民共和国种子法》第三十二条、三十五条、四十六条和《农作物种子标签管理办法》第八条相关规定，种子质量一般包括以下内容：
（1）种子的基础质量：纯度、净度、发芽率、水分。
（2）种子的当然质量：种子经营者向用种者提供种子的简要性状、主要栽培措施、使用条件的说明、咨询服务、质量承诺。
（3）种子的魅力质量：完善的售后服务，意外高产的获取。
经营劣质种子的主要表现形式：种子的基础质量不符合国家标准或低于标签标注的标准的；经营者未尽种子“缺陷”告知义务或者提供虚假、错误信息误导用种者的；经营的种子带有国家规定检疫对象的有害生物的；种子经营者售后技术服务有误或不到位等。
3、经营的种子存在生态适应性问题的。
主要指种子经营者违反〈种子法〉第十六条有关引种规定和《农业技术推广法》第十九条有关引种试验的规定，经营未经有权部门引种公告的种子的行为。在生产上，作物品种对地区生态环境的适应性主要是从生育期、产量及稳产性上得到反应，所以，生态适应性不会表现为同一地区同品种产量上的差异，应表现为地区性同品种是否能正常生长发育的一致性。如某地种植的某水稻品种在正常气候条件下表现普遍不能正常抽穗结实等（极端气候条件除外）。
4、经营的包衣种子的种衣剂不符合国家标准的。
主要表现在：种衣剂的质量不符合强制性标准；有毒的包衣种子未标注毒性标志的；种子使用说明未尽使用注意事项告知义务的。
5、强迫种子使用者违背自己的意愿购买使用种子的。
主要是指违反《种子法》第六十九条和《农业技术推广法》第二十条相关规定的行为。
6、经营的定量包装种子净含量误差超过国家规定的。
在生产实践中主要表现为因购买种子短斤少两致使大田基本苗不足而减产或造成实际种植面积比预期减少等。
7、经营未取得农业转基因生物安全证书的转基因农作物种子的。
主要表现在一是销售包装上未注明“转基因”字样的转基因农作物种子，二是销售国家禁止销售的转基因农作物种子，三是销售未取得农业转基因生物安全证书的转基因农作物种子。
8、经营未经审定或引种公告的农作物品种的。
经营未经审定或引种公告的农作物种子，虽然违反了种子法的有关强制性规定，但不是引起民事侵权的直接原因。
除上述法律行为外，法律事件也可能引起农业生产损失，如气候因素。主要指光照、温度、湿度、自然灾害等自然因素。如长时间阴雨、光照不足引起作物徒长，渍害导致作物生育延缓，穗型或粒重（果实）变小；高温引起伤害，低温造成冷害；湿度大影响作物授粉，结实率低等；栽培因素也可能引起农业生产损失，如茬口、施肥、播种期、秧龄、浸种、催芽、种植密度、灌溉、采收时间等由于用种者人为因素造成的减产或品质下降。
（三）违法行为与损害结果存在因果关系
农作物种子的经营者实施了违反了法律法规的的禁止性规定的违法行为中除前7项是作用于损害后果的直接原因，第8项只有存在上述7项违法行为之一才有可能成为构成民事侵权的间接原因。即使经营已经审定或引种公告的农作物种子存在前7项违法行为之一也可能导致损害结果的发生。司法实践中，应正确区分行政法律关系和民事法律关系，防止司法权侵害行政权的倾向，科学求实地判定因使用种子发生民事纠纷的因果关系。
（四）种子经营者主观上有过错。
怎样认定种子经营者的过错？一是要以种子经营者不履行种子管理法律法规规定的义务为基础。二是种子经营者的过错，包含着故意和过失两种形式，要注意加于区分。三是可以考虑适用过错推定方式。只要种子经营者有违法事实存在，就可以推定种子经营者具有过错，只有种子经营者能够证明其不具有过错的情况下，才能免除其法律责任。
二、因使用种子发生民事纠纷的处理。
（一）因种子经营者违法行为引起的民事侵权纠纷的处理。
种子作用者应首先要求种子经营者派有关人员到现场考察，及时向农业部门反映情况并保护好现场和证据，并在委托种子检验检疫机构进行检验的同时，申请损害发生地的种子管理机构依照《农作物种子质量纠纷田间现场鉴定办法》规定的程序组织专家对损害事实和原因进行鉴定。然后可依据检验检疫和鉴定结果及《种子法》设定的因种子质量引起民事损害的赔偿主体特定和追偿制度，采用下列方法解决纠纷：与经营者协商妥善解决；向农业部门投诉协调解决；申请仲裁机构仲裁解决，向人民法院起诉，由法院依法调解或判决。如果是农民自己的原因所致，种子经营者不承担民事侵权责任。
（二）因法律事件引起的损害结果的处理
因自然灾害、生物灾害等所造成的作物减产或者品质下降而减收，只能通过农民个人抗灾自救、政府减灾赈灾、参加农业保险、技术措施预防、改善农业生产条件等措施来解决，种子经营者不承担任何民事责任。
三、强化种子使用者的自我保护意识
种子作用者要不断提高法商，增强维权意识，加强自我保护，努力防止因使用种子引起民事纠纷的发生。
（一）到正规、可靠、合法和信誉好，有一定经济实力的种子经营单位购种。
（二）购买的种子必须是经加工、分级和包装，附有标签的种子，并可向经营者索要品种说明书和购种凭证，询问品种的特征或特殊的栽培要求。
（三）一定要购买自己需要的、市场要求的、农业部门推荐的对路品种，切不可轻信广告和传言。
（四）保管好种子的包装袋、发票、标签和品种说明书，并留少量种子保存以备发现问题时用于检验和鉴定。
（五）加强农田基本建设，科学栽培管理，努力减少因不当栽培措施或自然灾害、生物灾害造成的生产损失。
（六）如发生生产损失，即时向农业部门投诉，依法维权。
（作者单位：湖北省松滋市农业局）